1. Baron Paul A, Willeke K. Aerosol Measurement: Principles, Techniques, and Applications. 2nd Ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2001.
2. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Particulate matter (PM) basics. US EPA. https://www.epa.gov/pm-pollution/particulate-matter-pm-basics. Published April 19, 2016. Accessed July 11, 2019.
3. Montana State University. Nanoscience topics in earth science. Nanotechnology in STEM. https://serc.carleton.edu/msu_nanotech/nano_topics.html. Accessed July 11, 2019.
4. Elmes M, Gasparon M. Sampling and single particle analysis for the chemical characterisation of fine atmospheric particulates: A review. J Environ Manage. 2017;202:137-150. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.06.067
5. Beal T. High winds, dust could close portion of I-10 Thursday, Friday. Arizona Daily Star. https://tucson.com/news/weather/high-winds-dust-could-close-portion-of-i--thursday/article_550dc8ba-057d-5377-88dd-bb05d7124aa9.html. Published May 4, 2016. Accessed July 11, 2019.
6. Content from: National Agronomy Manual. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service; 2011. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb1043210.pdf. Accessed July 15, 2019. See original text for full citations.
7. Chepil. 1945.
8. Lyles. 1980.
9. Edwards BL, Webb NP, Brown DP, et al. Climate change impacts on wind and water erosion on US rangelands. J Soil Water Conserv. 2019;74(4):405-418. doi:10.2489/jswc.74.4.405
10. Vose RS, Easterling DR, Kunkel KE, LeGrande AN, Wehner MF. Ch. 6: Temperature changes in the United States. In: Wuebbles DJ, Fahey DW, Hibbard KA, Dokken DJ, Stewart BC, Maycock TK, eds. Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I. Vol I. U.S. Global Change Research Program; 2017:185-206. doi:10.7930/J0H993CC
11. Easterling DR, Arnold JR, Knutson T, et al. Ch. 7: Precipitation Change in the United States. In: Wuebbles DJ, Fahey DW, Hibbard KA, Dokken DJ, Stewart BC, Maycock TK, eds. Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I. Vol I. U.S. Global Change Research Program; 2017:207-230. doi:10.7930/J0H993CC
12. Greene AM, Seager R. Categorical representation of North American precipitation projections. Sci Rep. 2016;6:23888. doi:10.1038/srep23888
13. Vautard R, Cattiaux J, Yiou P, Thépaut J-N, Ciais P. Northern Hemisphere atmospheric stilling partly attributed to an increase in surface roughness. Nat Geosci. 2010;3(11):756-761. doi:10.1038/ngeo979
14. Polley HW, Briske DD, Morgan JA, Wolter K, Bailey DW, Brown JR. Climate Change and North American Rangelands: Trends, Projections, and Implications. Rangel Ecol Manag. 2013;66(5):493-511. doi:10.2111/REM-D-12-00068.1
15. Briske DD, Joyce LA, Polley HW, et al. Climate-change adaptation on rangelands: linking regional exposure with diverse adaptive capacity. Front Ecol Environ. 2015;13(5):249-256. doi:10.1890/140266
16. Gherardi LA, Sala OE. Enhanced precipitation variability decreases grass- and increases shrub-productivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2015;112(41):12735-12740. doi:10.1073/pnas.1506433112
17. Content from: The Wind Erosion Prediction System: WEPS 1.5 User Manual. Fort Collins, Colorado, USA: USDA-ARS Rangeland Resources & Systems Research Unit; 2016. See original text for full citations.
18. Chepil WS. Soil Conditions That Influence Wind Erosion. US Dept. of Agriculture; 1958.
19. Chepil WS. Wind erodibility of farm fields. J Soil Water Conserv. 1959;14(5):214-219.
20. Chepil WS. Conversion of Relative Field Erodibility to Annual Soil Loss by Wind 1. Soil Sci Soc Am J. 1960;24(2):143-145. doi:10.2136/sssaj1960.03615995002400020022x
21. Chepil WS, Woodruff NP. Estimation of wind erodibility of farm fields, USDA Prod. Res Rep. 1959;(25).
22. Hagen LJ. A wind erosion prediction system to meet user needs. J Soil Water Conserv. 1991;46(2):106-111.
23. U.S. EPA. National ambient air quality standards for particulate matter: Proposed decision. 40 CFR 50 61 (241). 1996.
24. Toevs GR, Karl JW, Taylor JJ, et al. Consistent Indicators and Methods and a Scalable Sample Design to Meet Assessment, Inventory, and Monitoring Information Needs Across Scales. Rangelands. 2011;33(4):14-20. doi:10.2111/1551-501X-33.4.14
25. Shao Y. Simplification of a dust emission scheme and comparison with data. J Geophys Res Atmospheres. 2004;109(D10). doi:10.1029/2003JD004372
26. Iversen JD, White BR. Saltation threshold on Earth, Mars and Venus. Sedimentology. 1982;29(1):111-119. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3091.1982.tb01713.x
27. Fécan F, Marticorena B, Bergametti G. Parametrization of the increase of the aeolian erosion threshold wind friction velocity due to soil moisture for arid and semi-arid areas. Ann Geophys. 1999;17(1):149-157.
28. Okin GS. A new model of wind erosion in the presence of vegetation. J Geophys Res Earth Surf. 2008;113(F2).
29. Owen PR. Saltation of uniform grains in air. J Fluid Mech. 1964;20(2):225-242. doi:10.1017/S0022112064001173
30. Herrick JE, Van Zee JW, McCord SE, Courtright EM, Karl JW, Burkett LM. Monitoring Manual for Grassland, Shrubland, and Savanna Ecosystems Volume 1: Core Methods. Second Edition Rep. Las Cruces, New Mexico: USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range; 2018.
31. National Wind Erosion Research Network Sites. https://winderosionnetwork.org/.
32. Web Soil Survey. https://websoilsurvey.sc.egov.usda.gov/App/HomePage.htm.
33. Soil Survey Staff, Natural Resources Conservation Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Description – Organic Matter Depletion. Web Soil Survey. https://websoilsurvey.sc.egov.usda.gov/. Accessed August 23, 2019.
34. Soil Survey Staff, Natural Resources Conservation Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Description – Fragile Soil Index. Web Soil Survey. https://websoilsurvey.sc.egov.usda.gov/. Accessed August 23, 2019.
35. Soil Survey Staff, Natural Resources Conservation Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Description – Soil Surface Sealing. Web Soil Survey. https://websoilsurvey.sc.egov.usda.gov/. Accessed August 23, 2019.
36. Soil Survey Staff, Natural Resources Conservation Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Description – Unpaved Local Roads and Streets. Web Soil Survey. https://websoilsurvey.sc.egov.usda.gov/. Accessed August 23, 2019.
37. Soil Survey Staff, Natural Resources Conservation Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Report – Selected Soil Interpretation Interpretation name: Soil Habitat for Saprophite Stage of Coccidioides. Web Soil Survey. https://websoilsurvey.sc.egov.usda.gov/. Accessed August 23, 2019.
38. Soil Survey Staff, Natural Resources Conservation Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Description – Range Production. Web Soil Survey. https://websoilsurvey.sc.egov.usda.gov/. Accessed August 23, 2019.
39. Goudie AS, Middleton NJ. Desert Dust in the Global System. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2006.
40. Hand JL, White WH, Gebhart KA, Hyslop NP, Gill TE, Schichtel BA. Earlier onset of the spring fine dust season in the southwestern United States. Geophys Res Lett. 2016;43(8):4001-4009. doi:10.1002/2016GL068519
41. Holben BN, Eck TF, Slutsker I, et al. AERONET—A federated instrument network and data archive for aerosol characterization. Remote Sens Environ. 1998;66(1):1-16. doi:10.1016/S0034-4257(98)00031-5
42. Prospero JM, Ginoux P, Torres O, Nicholson SE, Gill TE. Environmental characterization of global sources of atmospheric soil dust identified with the Nimbus 7 Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) absorbing aerosol product. Rev Geophys. 2002;40(1):2-31. doi:10.1029/2000RG000095
43. Ginoux P, Prospero JM, Gill TE, Hsu NC, Zhao M. Global-scale attribution of anthropogenic and natural dust sources and their emission rates based on MODIS Deep Blue aerosol products. Rev Geophys. 2012;50(3). doi:10.1029/2012RG000388
44. US EPA OAR. Interactive Map of Air Quality Monitors. US EPA. https://www.epa.gov/outdoor-air-quality-data/interactive-map-air-quality-monitors. Published August 17, 2016.
45. IMPROVE – Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments. http://vista.cira.colostate.edu/Improve/.
46. Subpart C - NRCS Planning Process. In: NRCS eDirectives - Part 600 - National Planning Procedures Handbook. 1st ed. United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service; 2014. https://directives.sc.egov.usda.gov/OpenNonWebContent.aspx?content=36482.wba.
47. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. National soil survey handbook, title 430-VI. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/ref/?cid=nrcs142p2_054242. Accessed July 18, 2019.
48. Conservation Practices | NRCS. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/national/landuse/crops/npm/?&cid=nrcs143_0268.
49. Accessed July 18, 2019. 49. Field Office Technical Guide (FOTG) | NRCS. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/national/technical/fotg/. Accessed July 18, 2019.
50. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. RMS Planning Tool National. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/PA_NRCSConsumption/download?cid=stelprdb1257610&ext=xlsm. Accessed July 19, 2019.
51. Conservation Practice Physical Effects on Soil, Water, Air, Plants, Animals, Energy, People (XLSM, 844kb). https://dust.swclimatehub.info/files/CPPENational082217.xlsm.
52. Conservation Practice Physical Effects CPPE | NRCS Economics | NRCS. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/technical/econ/tools/?cid=nrcs143_009740. Accessed July 19, 2019.
53. Tools | NRCS. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/national/technical/econ/tools/. Accessed July 19, 2019.
54. Roth GW. Crop rotations and conservation tillage. Conserv Tillage Ser. 1996;1.
55. Campbell B, Chen L, Dygert C, Dick W. Tillage and crop rotation impacts on greenhouse gas fluxes from soil at two long-term agronomic experimental sites in Ohio. J Soil Water Conserv. 2014;69(6):543-552.
56. 2017 Census of Agriculture. United States Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Statistics Service; 2019. https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/AgCensus/2012/Full_Report/Volume_1,_Chapter_1_US/usv1.pdf. Accessed July 22, 2019.
57. 2012 Census of Agriculture. United States Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Statistics Service; 2014. https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/AgCensus/2012/Full_Report/Volume_1,_Chapter_1_US/usv1.pdf. Accessed July 22, 2019.
58. Marshall E, Maguire KB, Hellerstein D, Schimmelpfennig D. USDA ERS - Conservation Trends in Agriculture Reflect Policy, Technology, and Other Factors. https://www.ers.usda.gov/amber-waves/2019/august/conservation-trends-in-agriculture-reflect-policy-technology-and-other-factors/. Accessed September 9, 2019.
59. Claassen R, Bowman M, McFadden J, Smith D, Wallander S. Tillage Intensity and Conservation Cropping in the United States. United States Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service; 2018:27. https://www.ers.usda.gov/webdocs/publications/90201/eib-197.pdf?v=1783.8.
60. Vigil MF, Nielsen DC. Winter Wheat Yield Depression from Legume Green Fallow. Agron J. 1998;90(6):727. doi:10.2134/agronj1998.00021962009000060002x.
61. Cover Crop Economics Tool Version 2.1 (XLSM). https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/PA_NRCSConsumption/download?cid=nrcseprd385824&ext=xlsm.
62. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Cover Crop Economics. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/null/?cid=nrcseprd385825. Accessed July 23, 2019.
63. 2020 Cover Crops Crop Insurance, Cover Crops and NRCS Cover Crop Termination Guidelines | RMA. https://www.rma.usda.gov/News-Room/Frequently-Asked-Questions/2020-Cover-Crops-Insurance-and-NRCS-Cover-Crop-Termination-Guidelines. Accessed July 23, 2019.
64. Cover Crops | RMA. https://www.rma.usda.gov/en/Topics/Cover-Crops. Accessed July 23, 2019.
65. Cover Crop Chart: USDA ARS. https://www.ars.usda.gov/plains-area/mandan-nd/ngprl/docs/cover-crop-chart/. Accessed July 23, 2019.
66. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Pacific Northwest Cover Crop Selection Tool, Ver. 7.3. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/PA_NRCSConsumption/download?cid=nrcseprd894839&ext=zip.
67. Pacific Northwest Cover Crop Selection Tool | NRCS Plant Materials Program. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/plantmaterials/technical/toolsdata/plant/?cid=nrcseprd894840. Accessed July 23, 2019.
68. Wight B. United States National Windbreak Perspective. Conference Presentation presented at the: Great Plains Windbreak Renovation & Innovation Conference; July 24, 2012; International Peace Garden.
69. USDA NRCS. Field Office Technical Guide. https://efotg.sc.egov.usda.gov/#/. Accessed July 23, 2019.
70. Controller General of the United States. Action Needed to Discourage Removal of Trees That Shelter Croplands in the Great Plains. United States Department of Agriculture; 1975.
71. Kort J. Benefits of windbreaks to field and forage crops. Gt Plains Agric Ie Agric Counc Publ USA. 1986;(117):53-54.
72. USDA Farm Service Agency Conservation Success Stories. https://www.fsa.usda.gov/FSA/printapp?fileName=ss_nd_artid_751.html&newsType=crpsuccessstories. Accessed July 30, 2019.
73. Bentrup G. Conservation Buffers: Design Guidelines for Buffers, Corridors, and Greenways. USDA National Agroforestry Center; 2008. https://www.fs.usda.gov/nac/buffers/index.html. Accessed July 29, 2019.
74. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Practice Introduction – Multi-story Cropping, Code 379. November 2008. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs143_026600.pdf.
75. Agroforestry | NRCS Washington. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/wa/technical/ecoscience/agronomy/?cid=nrcseprd1178607. Accessed July 29, 2019.
76. Wind Rose Resources. NRCS National Water and Climate Center. https://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/climate/windrose.html. Accessed July 12, 2019.
77. Wind Roses – Charts and Tabular Data | NOAA Climate.gov. https://www.climate.gov/maps-data/dataset/wind-roses-charts-and-tabular-data. Accessed July 22, 2019.
78. Index of /ftpref/downloads/climate/windrose/arizona/phoenix. https://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/ftpref/downloads/climate/windrose/arizona/phoenix/. Accessed July 23, 2019.
79. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Conservation Practice Standard – Access Control, Code 472. October 2017. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/PA_NRCSConsumption/download?cid=nrcs143_026262&ext=pdf.
80. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Oklahoma. Access Control – Oklahoma Conservation Practice Job Sheet 472 01. November 2011.
81. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, New Mexico. Access Control – 472, Conservation Practice Specifications/Job Sheet (New Mexico). October 2008. https://efotg.sc.egov.usda.gov/references/public/NM/472spec_js.doc.
82. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Conservation Practice Standard – Access Control, Code 472 (Kansas). December 2011. https://efotg.sc.egov.usda.gov/references/public/KS/472sd.pdf.
83. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Conservation Practice Standard – Access Control, Code 472 (Iowa). February 2011. https://efotg.sc.egov.usda.gov/references/public/IA/Access_Control_472_STD_2011_02.pdf.
84. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Conservation Practice Standard – Access Control, Code 472 (Illinois). April 2015. https://efotg.sc.egov.usda.gov/references/public/IL/IL_472_4-24-2015.pdf.
85. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Conservation Practice Standard – Access Control, Code 472 (Oklahoma). November 2011. https://efotg.sc.egov.usda.gov/references/public/OK/472std.pdf.
86. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Conservation Practice Standard – Anionic Polyacrylamide (PAM) Application, Code 450. September 2016. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/PA_NRCSConsumption/download?cid=nrcs143_026468&ext=pdf.
87. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Conservation Practice Standard – Anionic Polyacrylamide (PAM) Application, Code 450 (Florida). April 2017.
88. Virginia Department of, Environmental Quality. Erosion & Sediment Control Technical Bulletin #2 – Application of Anionic Polyacrylamide for Soil Stabilization and Stormwater Management. July 2002. https://www.deq.virginia.gov/Portals/0/DEQ/Water/Publications/ESCTechBulletin2.pdf. Accessed August 1, 2019.
89. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. NRCS Conservation Practice Effects – Network Diagram: Anionic Polyacrylamide (PAM) Application, Code 450. September 2016.
90. Polyacrylamide (PAM). In: Storm Water Management BMP Handbook. South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control; 2005:41-42. http://www.scdhec.gov/sites/default/files/docs/Environment/docs/eros-Polyacrylamides.pdf. Accessed August 1, 2019.
91. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Land Application of Additives for Erosion Control (1050) – Conservation Practice Standard. December 2015. https://dnr.wi.gov/topic/stormWater/documents/dnr1050-polyacrylimide.pdf.
92. Polyacrylamide (PAM) (v2010.2.12). In: Michigan Nonpoint Source Best Management Practices Manual. Rev 2017.6.27. Michigan Department of Environmental Quality Environmental Assistance Center.
93. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Conservation Practice Specification – Anionic Polyacrylamide (PAM) Application, Code 450 (Colorado). September 2018.
94. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Conservation Practice Standard – Anionic Polyacrylamide (PAM) Application, Code 450 (Idaho). March 2015. https://efotg.sc.egov.usda.gov/references/public/ID/450_0315.pdf.
95. Green VS, Stott DE. Polyacrylamide: A review of the use, effectiveness, and cost of a soil erosion control amendment. In: The 10th International Soil Conservation Organization Meeting. Purdue University and the USDA-ARS National Soil Erosion Research Laboratory; 1999:384-389.
96. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. NRCS Conservation Practice Specification - 450 - Anionic Polyacrylamide (PAM) Application (California). September 2017.
97. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Conservation Practice Standard – Brush Management, Code 314. March 2017. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/PA_NRCSConsumption/download?cid=stelprdb1254946&ext=pdf.
98. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Conservation Practice Standard – Herbaceous Weed Treatment, Code 315. March 2017. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/PA_NRCSConsumption/download?cid=stelprdb1254947&ext=pdf.
99. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Wyoming Conservation Practice Specification – Brush Management, Code 314. https://efotg.sc.egov.usda.gov/references/public/WY/Brush_Management_(314)_Specification_12_2015.pdf.
100. Smarik S. personal communication (6/4/2019). June 2019.
101. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Conservation Practice Standard – Brush Management, Code 314 (New Mexico). May 2018. https://efotg.sc.egov.usda.gov/references/public/NM/314stnd2018.pdf.
102. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Conservation Practice Specifications – Brush Management, Code 314 (Idaho). July 2010. https://efotg.sc.egov.usda.gov/references/public/ID/spec_314.doc.
103. Ecological Site Descriptions | NRCS. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/national/technical/ecoscience/desc/. Accessed July 30, 2019.
104. Butler LD, Cropper JB, Johnson RH, et al. National Range and Pasture Handbook. Fort Worth, TX: United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service, Grazing Lands Technology Institute; 2003. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/landuse/rangepasture/?cid=stelprdb1043084.
105. Butler LD, Cropper JB, Johnson RH, et al. Chapter 8: Wildlife Management on Grazing Lands. In: National Range and Pasture Handbook. Fort Worth, TX: United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service, Grazing Lands Technology Institute; 2003.
106. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Conservation Practice Specification – Brush management, Code 314 (Texas). July 2017. https://efotg.sc.egov.usda.gov/references/public/TX/TX_314_specification_Revised_2017.pdf.
107. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Brush Management Design Procedures (314DP)-1. February 2014.
108. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Planning Brush Management in California, Technical Notes (TN-RANGE-CA-62). March 2018. https://efotg.sc.egov.usda.gov/references/public/CA/TN_Range_62_BrushMgt.pdf.
109. Pinyon Ips Beetle (Ips confusus) | Nevada Division of Forestry. http://forestry.nv.gov/forestry-resources/forest-health/pinon-ips-neetle/. Accessed April 17, 2017.
110. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Conservation Practice Specification – Brush Management – Pinyon Pine and Juniper, Code 314A (Nevada). September 2015.
111. Factors Affecting Soil-Applied Herbicides | Field Crops. Cornell College of Agriculture and Life Sciences. https://fieldcrops.cals.cornell.edu/corn/weed-control-corn/factors-affecting-soil-applied-herbicides/. Accessed August 5, 2019.
112. Windows Pesticide Screening Tool – WIN-PST. http://go.usa.gov/Kok. Accessed July 31, 2019.
113. Targeted Grazing. https://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/rx-grazing/index.htm. Accessed July 31, 2019.
114. Launchbaugh K, ed. Targeted Grazing: A Natural Approach to Vegetation Management and Landscape Enhancement. American Sheep Industry Association; 2006. https://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/rx-grazing/index.htm. Accessed July 31, 2019.
115. Biological Control : A Guide to Natural Enemies in North America. https://biocontrol.entomology.cornell.edu/index.php. Accessed July 31, 2019.
116. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Conservation Practice Standard – Critical Area Planting, Code 342. September 2016. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb1241316.pdf.
117. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Critical Area Planting Conservation Practice Standard 342 Guidance (Florida). February 2018.
118. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Conservation Practice Standard – Critical Area Planting, Code 342 (Idaho). February 2014.
119. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Conservation Practice Standard – Critical Area Planting, Code 342 (Colorado). December 2016.
120. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Critical Area Planting, Kentucky Practice Job Sheet 342. April 2014.
121. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Conservation Practice Specification – Critical Area Planting, Code 342 (Montana). May 2017.
122. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. NRCS Planners Guide – Critical Area Planting, Code 342 (Washington). February 2017.
123. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Conservation Practice Standard – Critical Area Planting, Code 342 (Arizona). September 2017.
124. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Georgia NRCS Critical Area Planting Standard (Code 342) Appendix 1. Criteria Applied to all Purposes. October 2018.
125. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Conservation Practice Standard – Dust Control on Unpaved Roads and Surfaces, Code 373 (Arizona). May 2012.
126. Bolander P, Yamada A. Dust Palliative Selection and Application Guide. San Dimas, California: United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Technology & Development Program; 1999.
127. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. Unpaved Road Dust Management, A Successful Practitioners Handbook. Publication No. FHWA-CFL/TD-13-001. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration; 2013. https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/clas/pdfs/UnpavedRoadDustManagementASuccessfulPractitionersHandbook.pdf. Accessed September 10, 2019.
128. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Conservation Practice Standard – Dust Control on Unpaved Roads and Surfaces, Code 373 (Colorado). November 2010. https://efotg.sc.egov.usda.gov/references/public/CO/CO373_std.pdf.
129. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Conservation Practice Specification – Dust Control on Unpaved Roads and Surfaces, Code 373 (California). November 2018.
130. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Conservation Practice Standard Overview - Dust Control on Unpaved Roads and Surfaces, Code 373 (Utah). December 2012.
131. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Conservation Practice Standard – Dust Control on Unpaved Roads and Surfaces, Code 373. May 2019. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs143_025946.pdf.
132. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Conservation Practice Standard – Forage and Biomass Planting, Code 512 (Illinois). April 2015.
133. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. NRCS Construction Specifications – Forage and Biomass Planting (Kansas). December 2016.
134. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. NRCS Specification Guide Sheet – Forage and Biomass Planting, Code 512 (Maine). March 2011.
135. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Conservation Practice Standard – Forage and Biomass Planting, Code 512. January 2010. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs143_026153.pdf.
136. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Conservation Practice Specifications – Forage and Biomass Planting, Code 512 (Arkansas).
137. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Conservation Practice Standard – Grazing Land Mechanical Treatment, Code 548. September 2010. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs143_026510.pdf.
138. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Conservation Practice General Specification – Code 548 (Texas). October 2014.
139. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Oklahoma Conservation Practice Job Sheet 548 01 – Grazing Land Mechanical Treatment. September 2011.
140. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Conservation Practice Specification – 548 – Grazing Land Mechanical Treatment (California). May 2012.
141. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Conservation Practice Standard – Grazing Land Mechanical Treatment, Code 548 (Wyoming). December 2011.
142. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Conservation Practice Standard – Grazing Land Mechanical Treatment, Code 548 (Oklahoma). September 2011.
143. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Conservation Practice Standard – Grazing Land Mechanical Treatment, Code 548 (Arizona). August 2010.
144. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Conservation Practice Standard – Heavy Use Area Protection, Code 561 (Idaho). July 2010.
145. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Conservation Practice Standard – Heavy Use Area Protection, Code 561 (Florida). August 2017.
146. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Conservation Practice Standard – Heavy Use Area Protection, Code 561. September 2014. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb1263184.pdf.
147. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Conservation Practice Standard – Heavy Use Area Protection, Code 561 (Oklahoma). September 2015.
148. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Conservation Practice Standard Overview – Heavy Use Area Protection, Code 561. September 2014. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb1263412.pdf.
149. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Conservation Practice Standard – Prescribed Burning, Code 338. September 2010. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs143_026544.pdf.
150. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Conservation Practice Standard – Prescribed Burning, Code 338 (Arizona). May 2002.
151. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Conservation Practice Standard – Prescribed Burning, Code 338 (California). November 2013.
152. Chapter 5, Section 2: Management of Grazing Lands – Managing Forage Crops and Pasture Lands. In: National Range and Pasture Handbook. Rev. 1. United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service, Grazing Lands Technology Institute; 2003.
153. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Conservation Practice Specification – Prescribed Burning, Code 338 (Nevada). January 2010.
154. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Conservation Practice Specification – Prescribed Burning, Code 338 (Arizona). October 2003.
155. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Conservation Practice General Specifications – Prescribed Burning, Code 338 (Texas). October 2014.
156. Deal P. National Range and Pasture Handbook, Supplement FL-2. February 2003. https://efotg.sc.egov.usda.gov/references/public/FL/Prescribed_Burn_NRPH_Supplement_FL2-3-3-2003.pdf.
157. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. NRCS Construction Specifications – Prescribed Burning (338) (Kansas). April 2019.
158. Peterson J, Lahm P, Fitch M, et al., eds. NWCG Smoke Management Guide for Prescribed Fire. National Wildfire Coordinating Group; 2018.
159. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Conservation Practice Standard – Prescribed Burning, Code 338 (Wisconsin). March 2016.
160. Appendix A: NRCS Policy on Prescribed Burning on Grazing Lands. In: National Range and Pasture Handbook. United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service; 1997.
161. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Conservation Practice Standard – Prescribed Burning, Code 338 (Missouri). January 2005.
162. Pellant M, Shaver P, Pyke DA, Herrick JE. Interpreting Indicators of Rangeland Health, Version 4. Technical Reference 1734-6. Denver, Colorado: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, National Science and Technology Center; 2005. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/landuse/rangepasture/range/?cid=stelprdb1043629.
163. Guide to Pasture Condition Scoring | NRCS. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/landuse/rangepasture/pasture/?cid=stelprdb1045215. Accessed August 14, 2019.
164. Specification – 528 Appendix B, Prescribed Grazing Drought Management Contingency Plan. In: North Dakota FOTG Section IV - Conservation Practices. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, North Dakota; 2018. https://efotg.sc.egov.usda.gov/references/public/ND/528_appendix_b.pdf.
165. Howery LD. Rangeland Management Before, During and After Drought. 2016. https://repository.arizona.edu/handle/10150/625546.
166. Managing Drought Risk on the Ranch – A Planning Guide for Great Plains Ranchers. Lincoln Nebraska: University of Nebraska – Lincoln, National Drought Mitigation Center www.drought.unl.edu/ranchplan.
167. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Conservation Practice Standard – Restoration of Rare or Declining Natural Communities, Code 643. March 2017. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/PA_NRCSConsumption/download?cid=nrcs143_025855&ext=pdf.
168. Smarik S. personal communication (7/10/2019). July 2019.
169. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. 643A Restorations of Rare or Declining Natural Communities, Pollinators, Conservation Practice Specification (CA). November 2017.
170. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Conservation Practice Effects – Network Diagram: Restoration of Rare or Declining Natural Communities, Code 643. August 2017. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/PA_NRCSConsumption/download?cid=stelprdb1252731&ext=pdf.
171. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Conservation Practice Standard – Restoration and Management of Rare or Declining Habitats, Code 643 (Alabama). November 2012.
172. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Conservation Practice Standard – Restoration and Management of Rare or Declining Habitats, Code 643 (Kentucky). July 2013.
173. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Conservation Practice Standard Overview – Silvopasture Establishment, Code 381 (Arkansas). January 2015. https://efotg.sc.egov.usda.gov/references/public/AR/Silvopasture_Establishment_Overview.pdf. Accessed August 12, 2019.
174. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Conservation Practice Standard Overview – Silvopasture Establishment (381). May 2016.
175. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Conservation Practice General Specification – Silvopasture Establishment, Code 381 (Arkansas). June 2017.
176. Working Trees: Silvopasture, An Agroforestry Practice. Work Trees USDA-NAC. June 2008. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/workingtrees/10. Accessed July 3, 2019.
177. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Conservation Practice Standard – Herbaceous Wind Barriers, Code 603. September 2015.
178. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Conservation Practice Standard – Silvopasture Establishment, Code 381. May 2016. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/PA_NRCSConsumption/download?cid=stelprdb1255015&ext=pdf.
179. U.S. Department of Agriculture National Agroforestry Center. Silvopasture. https://www.fs.usda.gov/nac/practices/silvopasture.php. Accessed July 31, 2019.
180. 2019 State Payment Schedules | NRCS. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/programs/financial/?cid=nrcseprd1328426. Accessed August 9, 2019.
181. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Conservation Stewardship Program (fact sheet). August 2016. http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/PA_NRCSConsumption/download?cid=nrcseprd1288534&ext=pdf.
182. CSP - Learn More | NRCS. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/national/programs/financial/csp/?cid=nrcseprd1288524. Accessed August 7, 2019.
183. CSP Payments | NRCS. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/national/programs/financial/csp/?cid=nrcseprd1297344. Accessed August 9, 2019.
184. Conservation Stewardship Program | NRCS. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/national/programs/financial/csp/. Accessed August 7, 2019.
185. CSP FY2019 Conservation Enhancement Activity - Crops | NRCS. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/programs/financial/csp/?cid=nrcseprd1453247. Accessed August 9, 2019.
186. CSP Enhancements and Bundles | NRCS. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/national/programs/financial/csp/?cid=nrcseprd1288624. Accessed August 9, 2019.
187. Conservation Stewardship Program | NRCS New Mexico. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/nm/programs/financial/csp/. Accessed August 7, 2019.
188. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Conservation Stewardship Program (fact sheet). July 2019. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/PA_NRCSConsumption/download?cid=nrcseprd1469414&ext=pdf.
189. Apply for CSP | NRCS. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/national/programs/financial/csp/?cid=nrcseprd1288620. Accessed August 9, 2019.
190. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Farm Service Agency. Conservation Loan Program (fact sheet). November 2018.
191. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Farm Service Agency. Conservation Reserve Program (fact sheet). December 2015.
192. Prospective Participants. USDA Farm Service Agency, Conservation Programs. https://www.fsa.usda.gov/programs-and-services/conservation-programs/prospective-participants/index. Accessed August 16, 2019.
193. Conservation Reserve Program. United States Department of Agriculture Farm Service Agency, Conservation Programs. https://www.fsa.usda.gov/programs-and-services/conservation-programs/conservation-reserve-program/index. Accessed August 16, 2019.
194. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Farm Service Agency. Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) – Continuous Enrollment Period Beginning June 4, 2018 (fact sheet). June 2018.
195. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Farm Service Agency. Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) – Grasslands (fact sheet). September 2015. https://www.fsa.usda.gov/Assets/USDA-FSA-Public/usdafiles/FactSheets/archived-fact-sheets/grasslands_crp_2015_sep2015.pdf.
196. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Farm Service Agency. Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) – Grasslands (fact sheet). November 2016. https://www.fsa.usda.gov/Assets/USDA-FSA-Public/usdafiles/FactSheets/archived-fact-sheets/crp_grasslands_nov2016.pdf.
197. Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program. United States Department of Agriculture Farm Service Agency, Conservation Programs. https://www.fsa.usda.gov/programs-and-services/conservation-programs/conservation-reserve-enhancement/index. Accessed August 12, 2019.
198. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Farm Service Agency. Emergency Conservation Program (ECP) (fact sheet). October 2017.
199. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Farm Service Agency. Emergency Forest Restoration Program (EFRP) (fact sheet). October 2017.
200. Glossary of Soil Science Terms | Soil Science Society of America. https://www.soils.org/publications/soils-glossary#. Accessed August 1, 2019.
201. Karl J. Wind Erosion Terms – Landscape Toolbox. The Landscape Toolbox. https://www.landscapetoolbox.org/winderosionterms/. Accessed August 1, 2019.
202. American Institute of Chemical Engineers. Aerodynamic Equivalent Diameter. Process Safety Glossary. https://www.aiche.org/ccps/resources/glossary/process-safety-glossary/aerodynamic-equivalent-diameter#main-content. Accessed August 1, 2019.
203. Webb NP, Okin GS, Brown S. The effect of roughness elements on wind erosion: The importance of surface shear stress distribution. J Geophys Res Atmospheres. 2014;119(10):6066-6084.
204. Doorschot JJJ, Lehning M. Equilibrium Saltation: Mass Fluxes, Aerodynamic Entrainment, and Dependence on Grain Properties. Bound-Layer Meteorol. 2002;104(1):111-130. doi:10.1023/A:1015516420286
205. Pelletier JD. Fluvial and slope-wash erosion of soil-mantled landscapes: detachment- or transport-limited? Earth Surf Process Landf. 2012;37(1):37-51. doi:10.1002/esp.2187
206. Raffaele L, Bruno L, Pellerey F, Preziosi L. Windblown sand saltation: A statistical approach to fluid threshold shear velocity. Aeolian Res. 2016;23:79-91.
207. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Hydromulching (Fact Sheet). 2012. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs144p2_061752.pdf. Accessed August 1, 2019.
208. Inertial impaction | definition of inertial impaction by Medical dictionary. The Free Dictionary by Farlex. https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/inertial+impaction. Accessed August 1, 2019.
209. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. What do leeward and windward mean? National Ocean Service website. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/windward-leeward.html. Accessed August 1, 2019.
210. Conservation Practice Standard Overview: Residue Management, Mulch Till (345). December 2012. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb1254982.pdf. Accessed August 1, 2019.
211. Primary production – Wikipedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_production. Accessed August 1, 2019.
212. Perennial plant – Wikipedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial_plant#cite_note-1. Accessed August 1, 2019.
213. SpecialChem. Polypropylene (PP) Plastic: Types, Properties, Uses & Structure Info. Omnexus, The material selection platform. https://omnexus.specialchem.com/selection-guide/polypropylene-pp-plastic. Accessed August 1, 2019.
214. Representative Concentration Pathway – Wikipedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representative_Concentration_Pathway. Accessed August 1, 2019.
215. Pfost DL. Ridge-Till Tips. University of Missouri Extension. https://extension2.missouri.edu/g1652. Accessed August 1, 2019.
216. USDA Agricultural Research Service National Soil Erosion Research Laboratory. Rill Erosion. Soil Erosion and WEPP Technology. https://milford.nserl.purdue.edu/weppdocs/overview/rill.html. Accessed August 1, 2019.
217. Jing D-W, Liu F-C, Wang M-Y, et al. Effects of root pruning on the physicochemical properties and microbial activities of poplar rhizosphere soil. PloS One. 2017;12(11):e0187685-e0187685. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0187685
218. What Is Root Pruning: Learn About Root Pruning Trees And Shrubs. Gardening Know How. https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/trees/tgen/root-pruning-trees-shrubs.htm. Accessed August 1, 2019.
219. Armbrust DV, Retta A. Wind and sandblast damage to growing vegetation. Ann Arid Zone. 2000;39(3):273-284.
220. Bennell MR, Leys JF, Cleugh HA. Sandblasting damage of narrow-leaf lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.): a field wind tunnel simulation. Aust J Soil Res. 2007;45(2):119-128. doi:10.1071/SR06066
221. Sodic soil – Wikipedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodic_soil. Accessed August 1, 2019.
222. FINN Corporation. Finn Straw Blower Brochure. https://fibramulch.com/assets/Finn-Straw-Blower-Brochure.pdf. Accessed August 1, 2019.
223. University of Nebraska – Lincoln, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Strip-till. CropWatch. https://cropwatch.unl.edu/tillage/striptill. Published September 17, 2015. Accessed August 1, 2019.
224. Sulfate | chemical compound. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/sulfate. Accessed August 1, 2019.
225. Kang J-Y, Yoon S-C, Shao Y, Kim S-W. Comparison of vertical dust flux by implementing three dust emission schemes in WRF/Chem. J Geophys Res Atmospheres. 2011;116(D9). doi:10.1029/2010JD014649
226. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Quality Physical Indicator Information Sheet Series: Infiltration. June 2008. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_053289.pdf. Accessed August 1, 2019.
Additionally, the following resources were consulted as supporting references for technical guidance:
227. Robinson C, Nielsen D. The water conundrum of planting cover crops in the Great Plains: When is an inch not an inch? Crops Soils. 2015;48(1):24-31.
228. Nielsen DC, Vigil MF. Legume green fallow effect on soil water content at wheat planting and wheat yield. Agron J. 2005;97(3):684-689.
229. Nielsen DC, Lyon DJ, Hergert GW, Higgins RK, Calderón FJ, Vigil MF. Cover Crop Mixtures Do Not Use Water Differently than Single-Species Plantings. Agron J. 2015;107(3):1025. doi:10.2134/agronj14.0504